Introduction ................................................................... 1 Bonding in carbon compounds.............................................. 7 Alkanes .......................................................................16 Alkenes and Alkynes........................................................31 Aromatic compounds........................................................49 Alkyl halides....................................................................61 Alcohols ...........
Chemical tests (a) Water solubility and litmus tests (b) DNP test (c) Chromic acid test (d) Permanganate test (e) Beilstein test Experimental procedure
Erythrose and threose Tartaric acid; meso form Configuration and conformation Compounds with three or more asymmetric carbon atoms D, L nomenclature of sugars
Purification of Organic Compounds Qualitative Analysis Detection of Nitrogen Detection of Sulphur Detection of Carbon and Hydrogen Halogens Phosphorus Oxygen Empirical and Molecular Formular Molecular Shape Viscosity
1. Two isomeric forms of a saturated hydrocarbon (a) have the same structure. (b) have different compositions of elements. (c) have the same molecular formula. (d) have a different content of the isotopes of hydrogen. (e) react vigorously with one another. 2. Which of the following hydrocarbons does not have isomers? (a) C7H16 (b) C6H14 (c) C5H10 (d) C4H8 (e) C3H8 3. The name of the alkane isomer of cis-3-hexene is: (a) 2-methylpentane (b) 3-methylpentane (c) n-hexane (d) 2,3-dimethylbutane (...
There are 35 questions in all which you are required to answer in 25 minutes. All questions carry equal marks 1. The Diels-Alder product of 1-vinyl and cyclohexene has the structure 2. In a typical aromatic reaction, benzene act as base and therefore as a source of --------- Electrons Hydroxyl ions Nuclear particles Protons
MODULE 1 Unit 1 Effect of Molecular Architecture on Physical Properties………………………….……….. 1 Unit 2 Structure-Reactivity Relationship…………….……… 14 Unit 3 Aromatic Hydrocarbons……………………….……... 52 Unit 4 Halogen Derivatives of Aromatic Hydrocarbons……. 94
Isomerism: Constitutional Isomers and Stereoisomers Two types of stereoisomers Enantiomers and Chiral Molecules A chiral molecule: 2-butanol Chiral molecules and stereogenic centers Tests for achirality Plane of Symmetry = achiral Nomenclature of Enantiomers: The R,S System Properties of Enantiomers Specific Rotation – a property of an enantiomer Specific rotation of enantiomers Enantiomeric Excess The Synthesis of Chiral Molecules Enantioselective Synthesis
IDENTIFICATION OF UNKNOWNS Safety Precautions with Unknowns Purity of an Unknown Completion of the Analysis PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical Appearance Melting Point or Boiling Point Compounds That Melt Near Room Temperature CLASSIFICATION BY SOLUBILITY Procedure for Solubility Tests INFRARED, NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE, AND MASS SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS NMR Spectrum Mass Spectrum IR Spectrum Using Spectroscopic Data to Determine the Structure of an Unknown Compound CLASSIFICATION TESTS FOR FUNCTIO...
Delocalization and Conjugation Curved Arrow "Pushing" Major, Minor (and Unreasonable) Resonance Contributors Resonance and Hybridization Minor Resonance Contributors "Guidelines" for Resonance Resonance and Stability
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution by Addition–Elimination Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution by Elimination–Addition: Benzyne
There are 35 questions in all which you are required to answer in 25 minutes. All questions carry equal marks 1. The Diels-Alder product of 1-vinyl and cyclohexene has the structure 2. In a typical aromatic reaction, benzene act as base and therefore as a source of --------- Electrons Hydroxyl ions Nuclear particles Protons
Stereoisomers - Geometric isomers - Optical isomers - Chirality - Relative and absolute configuration
The Covalent Bond 1. The hybridization of the central carbon in CH3C≡N and the bond angle CCN are a. sp 2, 180°. b. sp, 180°. c. sp 2, 120°. d. sp 3, 109°. 2. Which of the following statements about an sp hybridized carbon is FALSE? a. It is divalent. b. It forms bonds that are linear. c. It has two p orbitals. d. It always forms triple bonds to carbon.
What is the formal charge on the indicated atom in each of the following structures? All lone pairs are shown.