The changes in some haematological parameters in alloxan-induced diabetic rats treated with Terminalia catappa leaves extract and Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) was studied. 54 male albino wister rats were selected into nine (9) groups of six (6) rats each. Diabetes was induced intraperitoneally to the test groups with 150mg/kg BW of alloxan monohydrate and the experiment lasted for 14 days. Group 1 was control which received 1mg/kg of deionized water, group 2 was extract treated control group and was given 130mg/kg per body weight (BW) of Terminalia catappa leaves extract, group 3 was diabetic control group and received 1mg/kg BW of deionized water, group 4 being diabetic treated with extract was given 130mg/kg BW of T. catappa leaves extract, group 5 was diabetic treated with aspirin received 30mg/kg BW of aspirin, group 6 was diabetic treated with meloxicam received 2mg/kg BW of meloxicam, group 7 which was diabetic treated with combination of the extract and aspirin received 130mg/kg BW extract and 30mg/kg BW of aspirin, group 8 which were diabetic treated with extract and meloxicam were administered with 130mg/kg BW of extract and 2mg/kg BW of meloxicam, group 9 being diabetic treated with insulin was given 0.75µ/kg BW of exogenous insulin. Blood samples were obtained by cardiac puncture and analyzed using Automated Analyzer (Model BC-5300). The results showed that diabetes-induced increase in WBC count was reduced by the extract and aspirin but no significant change was seen in the meloxicam treated groups. There was reduction also, in neutrophil, eosinophil and basophil in extract, NSAID and insulin treated groups when compared with diabetic control. Again, the platelet count was increased in extract and aspirin without any significant change in meloxicam treated groups compared to diabetic and control groups. This shows that the extract could ameliorate inflammation in diabetes and its effect is similar to that of aspirin.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page
Title Page i
Dedication ii
Declaration iii
Certification iv
Acknowledgement v
Table of Content vii
List of Table xi
List of Figures xii
Abstract xiii
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Scope of Study - 4
1.3 Aim of Study - 4
1.4 Significance of the Study 5
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review - 6
2.1 Haematopoiesis - 6
2.2 Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs) - - 6
2.3 Locations of Blood Formation 8
2.4 Maturation of Stem Cells 8
2.5 Red Blood Cells (RBCs) 9
2.5.1 Red Blood Cell Count 9
2.5.2 Red Blood Cell Parameters 10
2.6 White Blood Cells - 12
2.6.1 Classes of White Blood Cells 13
2.6.2 White Blood Cell Count 16
2.7 Platelets or Thrombocytes 18
2.7.1 Thrombopoiesis - 18
2.7.2 Platelet Count - 20
2.7.3 Thrombocytopenia 20
2.8 Diabetes Mellitus - 22
2.8.1 Types of Diabetes Mellitus 23
2.8.2 Causes of Type II Diabetes Mellitus - - 24
2.8.3 Hematological Changes in Diabetic Conditions 25
2.8.4 Treatment Of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) 26
2.9 Terminalia catappa 30
2.9.1 Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic and Modulatory Activity - - 34
2.9.2 Anti-Diabetic Activity 35
2.9.3 Hepatoprotective activity 35
2.9.4 Anti-Parasitic and Anti-Fungal Activities - 36
2.9.5 ACE Inhibitory Activity 37
2.9.6 Anti-Ageing Activity 37
2.9.7 Anticancer Activity 38
2.9.8 Toxicology 39
2.10 ASPIRIN (Acetyl Salicylic Acid- ASA) 39
2.11 Meloxicam 41
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY
3.0 Materials and Apparatus Used 43
3.1 Collection and Identification of Plant Material- 45
3.2 Preparation of Aqueous Extract 45
3.3 Animal Preparation 45
3.4 Experimental Design 46
3.5 Diabetes Induction - 46
3.6 Extract Administration 47
3.7 Insulin Administration 47
3.8 Meloxicam Administration 47
3.9 Aspirin Administration 47
3.10 Collection of Blood Sample 48
3.11 Analysis of Blood Parameters 48
3.12 Statistical Analysis 48
CHAPTER FOUR : RESULTS
4.1 Red Blood Cell Count 49
4.2 White Blood Cell Count 51
4.3. Platelet Count - 53
4.4 Neutrophil Levels - 55
4.5 Eosinophil Levels - 55
4.6 Basophil Levels - 56
4.7 Monocyte Levels - 56
4.8 Lymphocyte Levels 57
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Discussion 59
5.2 Conclusion 62
5.3 Recommandations - 63
REFERENCES 64
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1: Table showing grouping of animals - 46
Table 4.1 : Showing effects aqueous extracts of Terminalia catappa leaves, Aspirin, meloxicam and insulin on Differential White Blood Cell Count of Albino wister rats. - - -58
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1 : Picture of Terminalia catappa leaves - - 31
Figure 4.1. Red blood cells in diabetic rats treated with extract, aspirin, meloxicam and insulin compared with control. Values are Mean ± SEM - - 50
Figure 4.2. White blood cell count in diabetic rats treated with extract,
aspirin, meloxicam and insulin compared with control. Values are Mean ± SEM. a = p