Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) continues to be an everyday threat to citizens in disputes across the globe, and universally for ages, have been a selected armament for non state armed groups. This has been attributed to the proliferation of terrorist groups which have carried out attacks against security agencies and civilians alike. As a result, statistically, many deaths have been caused by IED attacks. In Kenya, since the Kenya Defence Forces (KDF) joined the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) on 14 October 2011, there was sudden rise in retaliatory attacks targeting civilians and security personnel. These attacks have disrupted the livelihoods of people, especially those living along the porous Kenya-Somalia border. This study, therefore, sought to examine the effects of IED attacks on the livelihoods of the people of Mandera East Sub-County, Mandera County, Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were to examine the economic effects of IED attacks on the livelihood of the people of Mandera East Sub County, assess the social effects of IED attacks on livelihoods of the people of Mandera East Sub-County, and examine the measures in place to mitigate the effects of IED attacks on the livelihoods of the people of Mandera East Sub-County. The study was based on Johan Galtung model and deterrence theory. The study employed a descriptive survey design in which detailed information, both quantitative and qualitative was sought through questionnaires and interviews.
CHEPKENEN, P (2021). Effects Of Improvised Explosive Device Attacks On The Livelihoods Of The People Of Mandera East Sub-county, Mandera County, Kenya. Afribary. Retrieved from https://track.afribary.com/works/effects-of-improvised-explosive-device-attacks-on-the-livelihoods-of-the-people-of-mandera-east-sub-county-mandera-county-kenya
CHEPKENEN, PAUL "Effects Of Improvised Explosive Device Attacks On The Livelihoods Of The People Of Mandera East Sub-county, Mandera County, Kenya" Afribary. Afribary, 19 May. 2021, https://track.afribary.com/works/effects-of-improvised-explosive-device-attacks-on-the-livelihoods-of-the-people-of-mandera-east-sub-county-mandera-county-kenya. Accessed 23 Nov. 2024.
CHEPKENEN, PAUL . "Effects Of Improvised Explosive Device Attacks On The Livelihoods Of The People Of Mandera East Sub-county, Mandera County, Kenya". Afribary, Afribary, 19 May. 2021. Web. 23 Nov. 2024. < https://track.afribary.com/works/effects-of-improvised-explosive-device-attacks-on-the-livelihoods-of-the-people-of-mandera-east-sub-county-mandera-county-kenya >.
CHEPKENEN, PAUL . "Effects Of Improvised Explosive Device Attacks On The Livelihoods Of The People Of Mandera East Sub-county, Mandera County, Kenya" Afribary (2021). Accessed November 23, 2024. https://track.afribary.com/works/effects-of-improvised-explosive-device-attacks-on-the-livelihoods-of-the-people-of-mandera-east-sub-county-mandera-county-kenya