Entrepreneurship Education and Venture Creation Potential among Colleges of Education Graduates in Kano State Nigeria

ABSTRACT 

Most policymakers and academics agree that entrepreneurship is vital to the development and well-being of a society in various forms, for instance, in jobs creation, provision of goods and service. For that reason, many countries including Nigeria saw the light in dealing with graduates' unemployment that becomes molestful to them. Entrepreneurship education was introduced by Federal Government of Nigeria to be offered by students in all tertiary institutions irrespective of students' area of specialization in 2006. But since inception to date, the rates of graduates' unemployment keep on increasing. This study, therefore, aims to investigate the effect of entrepreneurship education on venture creation among graduates of Colleges of Education in Kano state Nigeria. The objectives of the study were: to examine the effect of entrepreneurship education pedagogy on venture creation potentials among graduates of College of Education in Kano state Nigeria: to determine the effect of entrepreneurship education content on venture creation potentials among graduates of Colleges of Education in Kano state Nigeria: to examine the effect of entrepreneurship education institutional setting on venture creation potentials among graduates of Colleges of Education in Kano state Nigeria. The design was descriptive and correlational also a mixture of positivist and interpretive paradigms. 385 samples were selected from the target population of 10,235 using Sloven's formulae. Descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation and regression analysis were used to analyze the quantitative data, while discursive and thematic method was used to analyze the qualitative data. Chapter one made headway on the background coupled with the statement of the problem, purpose, specific objective, hypothesis, research questions as well as the significance of the study. Chapter two focused on a review of related literature. However, research methodology which conglomerated discussion on research philosophy, research design, the population of the study, method of data collection used, data analysis, validity and reliability of the instrument coupled with a pilot study and ethical consideration were all discussed in chapter three. Chapter four consist of the findings of the study which indicated that the null hypothesis designed for the study be rejected because it revealed a positive significant relationship between entrepreneurship education pedagogy, entrepreneurship education content, entrepreneurship education teaching personnel and venture creation potentials among graduates of Colleges of Education in Kano state Nigeria. But for entrepreneurship education classroom setting the study revealed that it did not have any significant relationship with venture creation potentials among graduates of Colleges of Education in Kano state Nigeria which mean its hypothesis hold. Chapter five consists of discussion, conclusion, and recommendation. Based on the _findings it was concluded that entrepreneurship education pedagogy, content and teaching personnel have a strong positive effect on venture creation potentials among graduates of Colleges of Education in Kano state Nigeria. The three constructs covered and the ability to investigate how prepared Kano state graduates' of Colleges of education were in terms of self reliant which also served as part of the study gap in this study made the study unique in terms of contribution to knowledge. The recommendation made among others was the federal ministry of education should intensify effort to widen the scope of teaching entrepreneurship education for venture creation down to secondary schools and primary schools level in Nigeria. This will enable children before reaching youth age develop a spirit and courage of being self-reliant at any stage of their academic career.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION .............................................................................................................................. i

APPROVAL .................................................................................................................................... ii

DEDICATION .............................................................................................................................. iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT ................................................................................................................ iv

ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................... vi

LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... x

LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ xi

LIST OF ACRONYMS ................................................................................................................. xii

CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................ 1

1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1

I.I Background of the study ............................................................................................................ 2

1.1.1 Historical perspective ................................................................................................. 2

1.1.2 Theoretical perspective ............................................................................................. 15

1.1.3 Conceptual perspective ............................................................................................. 17

1.1.4 Contextual perspective .............................................................................................. 32

1.2 Statement of the problem ......................................................................................................... 34

1.3 Purpose of the study ................................................................................................................ 35

1.3.1 Specific objectives .................................................................................................... 36

1.4 Hypotheses of the study ........................................................................................................... 36

1.5 Scope of the study ................................................................................................................... 37

1.5.1 Geographical scope .................................................................................................. 37

1.5.2 Theoretical scope ...................................................................................................... 38

1.5.3 Content scope ........................................................................................................... 38

1.6 Significance of the study ......................................................................................................... 38

CHAPTER TWO ........................................................................................................................... 40

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ................................................................................ 40

2.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 40

2.1 Entrepreneurship Education .................................................................................................... 40

2.1. I Goals and Objectives of Entrepreneurship Education ............................................. 45

2.1.2 Entrepreneurship Education Curriculum (EEC) ...................................................... 50

2.1.3 Fitting entrepreneurial education into school organization at all levels ................. 54

2.2 Conceptual framework ............................................................................................................ 61

2.2.1 Entrepreneurship Education Pedagogy ................................................................... 61

2.2.2 Entrepreneurship education content ........................................................................ 65

2.2.3 Venture creation potential ........................................................................................ 71

2.3 Theoretical Review ................................................................................................................ 85

2.3. l 'Entrepreneurial opportunity identification theory .................................................... 85

2.3.1.1 Elements of the theory of opportunity identification (the development process) .. 86

2.3.1.2 Units of the theory:factors affecting the process .................................................. 88

2.3.2 Human capital theory of entrepreneurship ............................................................... 92

2.4 Entrepreneurship Education and venture creation potential.. .................................................. 97

2.4.1 Entrepreneurship education pedagogy and venture creation ................................ 103

2.4.2 Entrepreneurship education content and venture creation .................................... 106

2.4.3 Entrepreneurship education institutional setting and venture creation ................. 112

2.5 Research Gap ......................................................................................................................... 120

CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................................... 124

METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................... 124

3.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 124

3 .1 Research Philosophy ............................................................................................................. 124

3.2 Research Design .................................................................................................................... 125

3.3 Study Population ................................................................................................................... 125

3.4 Sample size ............................................................................................................................ 126

3.5 Sampling procedure ............................................................................................................... 127

3.6 Selection criteria .................................................................................................................... 127

3.7 Data collection method .......................................................................................................... 128

3.8 Research instrument .............................................................................................................. 128

3.8.1 Researcher made questionnaire ............................................................................. 128

3.8.2 Interview Guide ...................................................................................................... 129

3.9 Data analysis .......................................................................................................................... 129

3.9.1 Quantitative data .................................................................................................... 129

3.10 Validity and Reliability of the Instrument ........................................................................... 130

3.11 Pilot study ............................................................................................................................ 134

3.12 Decision rule and the significance level of hypothesis ....................................................... 135

3.13 Assumption of the regression model ................................................................................... 136

3.14 Regression model diagnostic test ........................................................................................ 136

3.15 Ethical considerations .......................................................................................................... 137

CHAPTER FOUR ..................................................................................................................... 138

DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION ........................................ 138

4.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 138

4.1 Response rate ......................................................................................................................... 138

4.2 Data Screening ....................................................................................................................... 139

4.2.1 Missing values analysis .......................................................................................... 139

4.2.2 Outliers detection ................................................................................................... 142

4. 2. 3 Normality test ......................................................................................................... 142

4.2.4 Linearity Test .......................................................................................................... 146

4.2.5 Multicollinearity Test ............................................................................................. 148

4.3 Demographic characteristics of respondents ......................................................................... 150

4.4 Results on the Dependent Variable: Venture Creation Potential ............................. 152

4.4.1 Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) ....................................................................... 155

4.4.2 Qualitative Findings on Venture Creation Potential... ........................................... 159

4.5 Findings as per Study Objectives ......................................................................................... 164

4.5.1 Objective One: Relationship between entrepreneurship education pedagogy and venture creation potential among graduates' of colleges of education in Kano state .............................. 164

4.5.1.lDescription of Entrepreneurship education pedagogy ..................................................... 165

4.5.1.2 Qualitative Findings from Interviews on EE Pedagogy .................................................. 169

4.5.1.3 Entrepreneurship Education Pedagogy and venture Creation Potential.. ........................ 171

4.5.1.4 Testing Hypothesis One ................................................................................................... 172

4.5.2 Objective Two: Relationship between entrepreneurship education content and venture creation potentials among graduates of colleges of education in Kano state .............................. 174

4.5.2.1 Description of Entrepreneurship education content .................................................... 174

Skill development (SD) ............................................................................................................... 179

4.5.2.2 Qualitative Findings from Interviews on EE content ...................................................... 180

4.5.2.3 Entrepreneurship Education Content and Venture Creation Potential ............................ 183

4.5.2.4 Testing Hypothesis Two .................................................................................................. 184

4.5.3 Objective three: Relationship between Entrepreneurship Education Institutional setting and Venture Creation potential among College of Education Graduates in Kano, Nigeria ............... 185

4.5.3.1 Description of Entrepreneurship education institutional setting .................................... 186

4.5.3.2 Qualitative Findings from Interviews on the Institutional Setting ............................... 189

4.5.3.3 Entrepreneurship Education Institutional Setting and Venture Creation Potential ......... 191

4.5.3.4. Testing Hypothesis Three ............................................................................................. 192

CHAPTER FIVE ....................................................................................................................... 194

DISCUSSIONS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................... 194

5.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 194

5 .1 Discussion of Findings .......................................................................................................... 194

5. 1 .1 Entrepreneurship education pedagogy and venture creation potential ................. 194

5. 1 .2 Entrepreneurship Education Content and venture creation potentials .................. 198

5.1.3 Entrepreneurship education institutional setting and venture creation potentials 202

5.2 Moderating variables ............................................................................................................. 205

5.2.1 Gender .................................................................................................................... 205

5.2.2 Funding ................................................................................................................... 208

5.2.3 Family support ........................................................................................................ 211

5.3 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 213

5 .4 Contribution to knowledge .................................................................................................... 214

5 .5 Recommendations ................................................................................................................. 215

5.6 Limitation of the study .......................................................................................................... 216

5.7 Areas for further researches ................................................................................................... 218

REFERRENCES ....................................................................................................................... 220

Appendix I: Sample Size Determination ..................................................................................... 250

Appendix II: Research Instrument ............................................................................................... 251

Appendix III: Interview Guide .................................................................................................... 258

Appendix IV: Introduction Letter ................................................................................................ 259

Appendix V: Federal College of Education (Technical) Bichi Permission Letter. ..................... 260

Appendix VI: Federal College of Education (Technical) Bichi Introduction Letter. .................. 261

Appendix VII: Federal College of Education (Technical) Bichi Introduction Letter to Fee Kano ........................................... 262

Appendix VIII: Federal College of Education (Technical) Bichi Research Permission Letter .. 263

Appendix IX: Sa'adatu Rimi College of Education (Srcoe) Kano Research Permission Letter264

Appendix X: Minimum Standards ............................................................................................... 265

Appendix XI: Pearson Correlation And Regression Coefficients Analysis Outputs For Entrepreneurship Education Pedagogy ....................................... 266

Appendix XII: Regression Model Summary Analysis Output For Entrepreneurship Education

Pedagogy And Pearson Correlation Output For Entrepreneurship Education Content .............. 267

Appendix XIII: Regression Coefficients And Regression Model Summary Analysis Output For Entrepreneurship Education Content ........................... 268

Appendix XIV: Pearson Correlation And Regression Coefficients Analysis Output For Entrepreneurship Education Institutional Settings ............................ 269

Appendix XV: Regression Model Summary Analysis Output For Entrepreneurship Education Institutional Setting ..................................................... 270