Evaluation of the Use of Antibiotics Among Patients Attending Dental Clinic at Kampala International University Teaching Hospital

ABSTRACT Antibiotics are the most used medicines in dental practice (Lewis, 2008)and are used regularly for the management of oral and dental infection that originates from odontogenic infections (Dar-Odeh NS, et,al., 2010), however there is inappropriate use of antibiotics that result into gastrointestinal disturbances to fatal anaphylactic shock and development of resistance. Methods used The sampling was done at KIU-TH, employing simple random sampling; informed consent was sought from the patient and health workers at the dental clinic. Results obtained Signs and symptoms obtained in dental cases tooth ache at 43.16% was the most common symptom followed by painful chewing at 30.55% and others at 13.88%. the most used antibiotics were amoxicillin at 45.83%, metronidazole at 26.4%, clindamycin at 12.5% and others. The indications of antibiotics was majorly for odontogenic infections at 41.67% followed by prophylaxis of local infection like tumor surgery, tooth extraction at 33.33% and prophylaxis of infective endocarditis. Conclusion and Recommendations Some indications found in the study include odontogenic infections, non odontogenic infections, prophylaxis of infective endocarditis, prophylaxis of local infections where it also identifies common antibiotics used such as amoxicillin, metronidazole, clindamycin, macrolides, among them and also the symptoms such as painful chewing, fever, toothache and swollen gums which are tender. Appropriate antibiotic and prescription of antibiotics by dentists is urgently needed in view of the antibiotic resistance strains and occurrence of a biofilm of organisms in the oral cavity while combination therapy also works. Dental Infections, should first receive the appropriate local therapy with prevention which can sometimes be complemented with a systemic treatment with antibiotics. There is no literature to provide information about the antibiotic use at all levels.

Table of Contents

DECLARATION ........................................................................................................... i

SUPERVISOR’S APPROVAL .................................................................................... iii

DEDICATION............................................................................................................. iv

Table of Contents......................................................................................................... vi

LIST OF ABBREVIATION......................................................................................... ix

DEFINITION OF OPERATIONAL TERMS .................................................................x

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ xi

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION.............................................................................1

1.1Background of the study............................................................................................1

1.2Problem Statement ....................................................................................................4

1.3 Justification of the Study ........................................................................................4

1.4 Study objectives.......................................................................................................5

1.4.1 Broad objective ...........................................................................................................5

1.4.2 Specific objectives .......................................................................................................5

1.5 Research questions...................................................................................................5

1.6 CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK ............................................................................6

CHAPTER TWO: ..........................................................................................................7

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................7

2.1 Some of the presenting signs and Symptoms in Dental Cases ................................7

2.2 Some of the common Antibiotics Used in Dental clinic ............................................8

Infections ..............................................................................................................................9

.2.3 Indications of Antibiotics in Dental Clinic .......................................................................9

2.3.1 Odontogenic infections..............................................................................................9

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2.3.2 Non-odontogenic infections..................................................................................... 10

2.3.3 Prophylaxis to prevent infective endocarditis........................................................... 11

2.3.4 Prophylaxis to treat local infections......................................................................... 11

CHAPTER THREE:.....................................................................................................13

3.0 METHODSAND MATERIALS.............................................................................13

3.1 Study Area ...........................................................................................................13

3.2 Study design...........................................................................................................13

3.3 study Population................................................................................................13

3.4 Sample size determination .................................................................................13

3.5 Selection criteria for the study. ...............................................................................14

3.5.1 Inclusion Criteria ............................................................................................... 14

3.5.2 Exclusion criteria................................................................................................ 14

3.6 Quality control. .................................................................................................14

3.7 Sampling method for the study. .........................................................................14

3.8 Data analysis .....................................................................................................15

3.9 Reliability and validity ......................................................................................15

3.10 Ethical considerations........................................................................................15

3.11 Limitations........................................................................................................15

4.1 Social demographic characteristics of study population .................................................. 16

4.2 Some of the signs and symptoms of dental cases. ...................................................17

4.3: Some of the antibiotics used in dental cases.........................................................18

4.4 Indications of Antibiotics in Dental Clinic...................................................................... 19

CHAPTER FIVE .........................................................................................................21

DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATION ............................................21

5.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 21

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5.1.1 Symptoms Presented by Dental Patients .................................................................. 21

5.1.2 Common Antibiotics Used in Dental Clinic ............................................................. 21

5.1.3 Indications of Antibiotics in Dental Clinic ............................................................... 22

5.2 Conclusion..................................................................................................................... 23

5.3 Recommendations.......................................................................................................... 24

REFERENCE. .............................................................................................................25

APPENDIX I: QUESTIONNAIRE ..............................................................................28

APPENDIX III: MAP OF BUSHENYI.......................................................................32

APPENDIX IV: MAP OF UGANDA...........................................................................33