The prevention of rivers and other water sources from pollution and the protection of public health by safeguarding water supplies against exposure to pollutants and the spread of diseases are the two major foundamental reasons for treating waste water.The conventional methods of treatment are inefficient, costly, unsustainable, outdated and oftenly results in an effluent heavily loaded with pollutants. Excess nitrates and phosphates causes eutrophication of the receiving water bodies and whe...
Abstract Kenya has one of the highest maternal and child health mortality in Africa. Estimates developed by the UN inter-agency group for child mortality estimation indicate a 2011 infant mortality of 48 per 1000 live births while maternal mortality is estimated at 444 per 100,000 live births. Kisumu West District has one of the poorest maternal and child health indicators while the only measure available is the percentage of health facility based deliveries. There are no indicators for knowl...
ABSTRACT Over 2.8 million deaths annually and 35.8 million (2.3%) of global Disability Adjusted Life Years are attributed to overweight, making it the fifth leading risk for global deaths. In Kenya, 23.1% of the population is estimated to be either overweight or obese and the problem is rapidly increasing. Even though healthcare workers are a group considered well informed of aetiology of overweight/obesity, they have been reported to be disproportionately affected by the same problem. Howeve...
Abstract Background: Childhood obesity and associated hypertension are major public health concerns globally. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of obesity and the associated risk of high blood pressure among Nigerian adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional school-based study of 885 apparently healthy adolescents was performed. Weight, height and blood pressure (BP) were measured using standard methods. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated and categorized by age, sex and percentil...
ABSTRACT In the last decade, the prevalence of malaria has been escalating at an alarming rate, especially in Africa. A recent estimate of malaria incidence derived from routine surveillance data suggest 174 million episode occurred in African region in 2011 with estimated deaths of 596,000 (WHO, 2011). Malaria has been estimated to cause 2.3% of global disease and 9% of disease in Africa (WHO, 1997); it ranks third among major infectious disease threats in Africa after pneumococcal acute res...
ABSTRACT An estimated 25-30 million women become pregnant annually in malaria-endemic areas of Africa; most of them live in areas of stable malaria transmission (WHO, 2004). The immunosuppression associated with pregnancy and the absence of specific immunity to the unique subset of P. falciparum that sequester in the placenta, especially in primigravidae, have been adduced as reasons for the increased susceptibility of pregnant women to malaria infection (Fried and Duffy, 1996; Hviid and Sal...
ABSTRACT Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell division leading to growth of abnormal tissue (Stephan, 2011). The two main characteristics are uncontrolled growth of the cells in the human body and the ability of these cells to migrate from the original site and spread to distant sites (metastasis). If the spread is not controlled, cancer can result in death. Breast Cancer (BC) is a malignant growth that begins from the cells of the breast (Stephan, 2011). It is in...
Abstract Pediatric CRC has a poor prognosis compared with adult CRC mainly due to delayed diagnosis. *us, early diagnosis based on a high degree of suspicion could be the most important factor in a more favorable prognosis, especially in patients with predisposing factors. CRC is one of the major causes of cancer-related death globally [1, 2]. *e most common histological subtype of CRC is adenocarcinoma NOS, of which mucinous adenocarcinoma is a distinct subtype and is characterized by abunda...
ABSTRACT Background: Severe Acute Malnutrition is a major public health concern and the leading cause of death among children under five years. Therefore, this study was done to determine the prevalence and predictors of bacteraemia among children with Severe Acute Malnutrition aged 6 to 59 months admitted at Dodoma Regional Referral Hospital. Methods: This was a hospital based, analytical, cross section study conducted from January to June 2020. All children aged 6 to 59 months admitted at ...
ABSTRACT Background: The substance abuse among adolescentsespecially secondary school students remains a significant public health issue. The substance abuse has strong correlation with delinquency behaviour. This study intended to determine psychosocial determinants of delinquency behaviour and substance abuse among adolescents in secondary schools at Kongwa District and Dodoma City. Methods and Materials Analytical, cross-Sectional study design with quantitative approach self-administered ...
Abstract Background: Prompt diagnosis and effective treatment are considered the cornerstones of malaria control and artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) is currently the main anti-malarial drugs used for case management. After deployment of ACT due to widespread parasite resistance to the cheap and widely used anti-malarial drugs, chloroquine and sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine, the World Health Organization recommends regular surveillance to monitor the efficacy of the new drugs. The pre...
ABSTRACT Background: Globally around 13million people are injecting drugs and 1.7million of them are living with HIV. Injecting drug users have created and remain a major international public health problem. Objective: This study aimed to determine factors associated with high risk of injection behaviors among injection drug user (IDU’s) in Zanzibar. Methods: A cross-sectional study design using a quantitative approach was conducted in Zanzibar islands. A total of 1308 injection drug user...
ABSTRACT Malaria, a preventable disease, caused by a protozoan parasite, accounts for about 300-500million clinical cases and two million deaths world-wide annually. Ninety per cent of this occurs in countries south of the Sahara. It is responsible for about 25% of all childhood mortality. It is estimated that at least 50% of the population will have at least one attack of malaria in a year. It is one of largest contributor to disease burden in Nigeria. There were two million cases of malaria...
ABSTRACT The study was designed to ascertain the role of mass media on the use of contraceptive among mothers in Alulu Nike, Enugu East L.G.A, Enugu state. The statement of problem is poor use of contraceptives by mothers despite awareness creation on contraceptives through various sources such as mass media, health care providers, families, friends and neighbours. Furthermore, most studies in the past were done at national and international levels while little has been done at the communit...
ABSTRACT The study was conducted in the Oshana region with the purpose of identifying the existing knowledge, attitudes, and practices among the men aged 18-49 years old with regard to Voluntary Medical Male circumcision (VMMC) for HIV prevention. The study sought to assess and describe the knowledge and attitudes and practices (KAP) of men aged 18-49 in the Oshana region with regards to VMMC for HIV prevention, explore and describe the reasons for men not taking up VMMC for HIV prevention a...