ABSTRACT
The production of the soap was carried out using all the necessary equipments like the reactor, mould, stirrer, hygrometer guage etc. and all the required reagents for soap production in correct proportion.
In the production, palm kernel oil (P.K.O) was used instead of tallow or grease. This was because soap produced from grease or tallow tends to dissolve slowly at room temperature, whereas, soap of palm kernel oil product gives a quicker lather which is relatively suitable.
Different formulation were developed, but the most appropriate was the ratio 2:1 of P.K.O to caustic soda solution. This ratio gave a very quality soap. The other formulation are 3:1 and 1:1 of good quality and physically, they were observed to be brittle.
The test and analysis carried out on the P.K.O and the soap produced proved that the saponification value of the P.K.O was 248.24; refractive index was 1.451, free fatty value of 1.58; acid value of 4.43; moisture content of 26.78%; free alkali of 0.214%, alcohol insoluble matter of 1.43% and PH value of 9.98 at a temperature reading 2980c. The soap was moderately soft and very soluble in water.
The quality of soap produced conformed to all the requirements for toilet soap from Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON). It was found out that the soap has no inferiors effect on the skin; does not contain any visible foreign matter which means that the soap was properly mixed, does not encourage microbial growth and lathers effectively.
It was also found that the cost of producing the herbal/medicated or antiseptic soap was N63.00k compared to that sold in the market for N100.00k per tablet. Thus, the production based on the research work was profitable and more economical.
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH WORK
1.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 HISTORIAL REVIEW
2.1 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SOAP AND DETERGENT
2.2 RAW MATERIALS FOR SOAP MANUFACTURE
2.2.1 FATTY AND ALLIED MATERIALS
2.2.2 NON-FATTY MATERIALS
2.3 SOAP MANUFACTURING PROCESS
2.3.1 COLD PROCESS
2.3.2 SEMI HOT PROCESS
2.3.3 HOT PROCESS
2.4 CENTRIPURE PROCESS
2.3.5 RATIONALIZED KETTLE PROCESS
2.3.6 PRODUCTION FROM FATTY ACIDS
2.4 THE CHEMISTRY OF SOAP FORMATION
2.5 SOAP FINISHING PROCESSES
2.5.1 FINISHING PROCESSES FOR LAUNDRY SOAP
2.5.2 FINISHING PROCESSES FOR TOILET SOAPS
2.6 WASHING ACTION OF SOAP
2.7 QUALITIES OF A GOOD SOAP AND FACTORS AFFECTING THEM
2.8 CHARACTERISTICS OF SOAP
2.9 TYPES OF Soap
CHAPTER THREE
3.2 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
3.3 PRINCIPLES OF SOAP MAKING SOAP
3.3.2 TECHNIQUIES OF SOAP MAKING
3.320COLD PROCESS
3.321SEMI – COLD PROCESS
3.322HOT PROCESS
3.33 RAW MATERIALS FOR SOAP PRODUCTION
3.34 PRINCIPAL FATS AND OILS USED FOR MAKING SOAP
3.35 PALM KERNEL OIL
3.36 ANALYSIS OF FATS AND OILS
3.37 SPONIFICATION
3.370A SLOW INCUBATION PERIOD
3.371A RAPID REACTION PERIOD
3.372GRADUAL COMPLETION STAGE
3.38 SOLUBILITY OF SOAP
3.9 SUMMARY OF SOAP MAKING PRINCIPLES
3.40 CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAP
3.41 QUALITIES OF A GOOD SOAP AND FACTORS AFFECTING THEM
3.42 ADVANTAGES OF SOAP OVER SYNTHETIC DETERGENT
CHAPTER FOUR
3.50 EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS
3.51 EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF PKO
3.52 FREE FATTY ACID AND ACID VALUE DETERMINATION
3.53 REFRACTIVE DETERMINATION SIGNIFICANCE
3.54 SAPONIFICATION VALUE
3.55 DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT OF SOAP
3.56 ALCHOL INSOLUBLE MATTER DETERMINATION
3.57 DETERMINATION OF PH OF SOAP
3.58 DETERMINATION OF SOLUBILITY
3.59 DETERMINATION OF FREE ALKALI CONTENT OF SOAP
CHAPTER FIVE
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
CHAPTER SIX
DISCUSSION
CHAPTER SEVEN
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER EIGHT
RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1
APPENDIX 11
APPENDIX 111