The Role Played by United States of America in South Sudan Conflicts

ABSTRACT The study aimed at the role played by United States of America in South Sudan Conflicts. Their main aim was to find ivory, slave, gold and other minerals, which were very useful in the Arab peninsula and to the Europeans. Arab invaders met a lot of resistance from the Nuba and Funj, who were at the time the inhabitants ofNmihern Sudan and rule there today. After many years of war between them, they signed agreements which allowed both sides to coexist in the Notih, (Deng 1995, p.9). Sudan faced her first civil war in 1955, a few months before the British depmiure (Deng, 1995; Wai, 1973). The study used descriptive case study research design which used both the quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection and the established sample size was I 06 respondents from population of 145 and this was enough guide in effective data collection on the topic under study. The researcher first obtained a letter of introduction from the university, assigning her to the field which she used to erase suspicion by the respondents. From the findings the peace keeping to be resolved requires more appropriate means like resources to use however in regards to the situation, there were not available at the time therefore the table above indicate that most respondents 20(19.8%) agree that Resource scarcity and competition as a cause of conflicts, this makes the situation to worsen 21(19.8%) Disagree with it and 42(39.6%) Strongly agree with the statement. This implied that respondents feel that Resource scarcity and competition as a cause of conflicts. In conclusion and recommendation the USA recent engagement in South Sudan has in some ways contributed positively to peace. For example, there clearly has been effective co-ordinated diplomacy to support the emergence of a fragile peace from decades of war. However, the emerging lessons from the CPA period suggest much that could be done to respond better to conflict in Sudan and South Sudan. Promote sustainable community development and economic revitalization: where progress in conflict management is evident and where peace agreements remain intact, provide more resources for participatory community development, create peace situations and provide foodfor-work and food-for-training assistance.

TALE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION .............................................................................................................................. i

APPROVAL .................................................................................................................................... ii

DEDICATION .............................................................................................................................. .iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................................. iv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................................... v

TALE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................. vi

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... ix

CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................ I

INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUNDS ............................................................................... !

1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background of the study ............................................................................................................ 1

1.1.1 Historical Perspective ............................................................................................................. 1

1.1.2 Theoretical Perspective .......................................................................................................... 5

1.1.3 Conceptual perspective ........................................................................................................... 5

1.1.4 Contextual Perspective ........................................................................................................... 6

1.2 Statement of the Problem .......................................................................................................... 7

1.3 Purpose of Study ....................................................................................................................... 7

1.4 Research Objective .................................................................................................................... 8

1.5 Research Question ..................................................................................................................... 8

1.5.1 Hypothesis .............................................................................................................................. 8

1.6 Scope ......................................................................................................................................... 8

1.6.1 Geographical Scope ................................................................................................................ 8

1.6.2 Content Scope ......................................................................................................................... 9

1.6.3 Time Scope ............................................................................................................................. 9

I. 7 Significant or Justification of the Study .................................................................................... 9

1.8 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... I 0

I. 9 Organization of the thesis ........................................................................................................ 1 0

CHAPTER TWO ......................................................................................................................... II

LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................................... 11

2.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 11

2.1 The intra state conflicts ........................................................................................................... 11

2.2 Theory ..................................................................................................................................... 12

2.3 Conceptual Framework ........................................................................................................... 13

2.4 Role of Diplomacy or Politics ................................................................................................. 13

2.5 Economic, strategic and Diplomatic Interests Restrain the US in its opposition to Khmioum

....................................................................................................................................................... 16

2.6 United States responses to South Sudan conflict .................................................................... 21

2. 7 US target in South Sudan ........................................................................................................ 21

2.8 U.S. Policy and Interests ......................................................................................................... 24

2.9 Assessment of U.S. Foreign policy toward Sudan .................................................................. 25

2.10 United States Interests in the South Sudan Conflict... ........................................................... 26

2.11 The Status of Oil Production ................................................................................................. 29

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2.12 The impact of the role played by United States in South Sudan conflict. ............................. 31

CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................... 39

METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................................................... 39

3.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 39

3 .I Research design ....................................................................................................................... 3 9

3.2 Target Population .................................................................................................................... 3 9

3.3 Sample Size ............................................................................................................................. 39

3.4 Research methods .................................................................................................................... 40

3.5 Data Collection Instruments .................................................................................................... 40

3.4.1 Interviews ............................................................................................................................. 40

3 .4.2 Questionnaires ...................................................................................................................... 41

3.4.3 Document analysis ............................................................................................................... 41

3 .4.4 Observations ......................................................................................................................... 41

3.5 Validity and Reliability of the instrument.. ............................................................................. 41

3.6 Data processing ....................................................................................................................... 41

3.7 Data Analysis .......................................................................................................................... 42

3.8 Ethical considerations .............................................................................................................. 42

3.10 Limitations ofthe study ......................................................................................................... 43

CHAPTER FOUR ....................................................................................................................... 44

DATA ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF STUDY FINDINGS

·················································································································································44 4.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 44

4 .1.1 Findings on Gender of respondents ...................................................................................... 44

4.1.2 Findings on Age group of the respondents ........................................................................... 45

4.1.3 Findings of Education levels ofrespondents ........................................................................ 45

4.1.4 Findings on Marital Status of the Respondents ................................................................... .46

4.2 Response on Resource scarcity and competition as a cause of conflicts ................................ 47

4.4 Resource scarcity and competition for resources as cause of conflicts ................................... 48

4.5 Response on whether Proliferation of arms in the society in South Sudan situation .............. 48

4. 7 Response on whether armed movements interfere with civil matters ..................................... 49

4.8 Findings on whether Weak/lack of good Governance in South Sudan is affecting peace and

stability situation ........................................................................................................................... 50

4.9 Challenges faced by USA's in trying to resolve the conflict .................................................. 51

4.10 Findings on Displacement/famine as a challenge in curbing conflicts ................................. 53

4.11 Response of Random killings, revenge killings as a hindrance to curbing conflicts in South

Sudan ............................................................................................................................................. )3

4.12 Findings on whether Human rights abuses, lawlessness hamper efforts to curb conflicts by

USA in South Sudan ...................................................................................................................... 54

4.13 Findings on whether Losing hope and faith in leaders and USA hamper efforts to resolve

conflicts in South Sudan ................................................................................................................ 55

4.14 Solutions to the conflict in South Sudan by USA Peace Keeping ........................................ 56

4.14.1 Response on the General or targeted development assistance in South Sudan situation ... 56

4.15 Response on whether USA assistance helps stop conflicts in South Sudan .......................... 58

4.16 Response on whether Education and training can stop conflicts in South Sudan ................. 58

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4.17 Response on whether Human rights promotion is a tool for curbing conflicts ..................... 60

CHAPTER FIVE ......................................................................................................................... 61

SUMMARY AND DISCUSION OF THE FINDINGS ............................................................ 61

5.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 61

5.1. Summary and discussion offindings ...................................................................................... 61

5.1.1 The mandate ofUSA ............................................................................................................ 61

5.1.2 Challenges faced by USA's in trying to resolve the conflict ............................................... 61

5 .1.3 Strides Made by USA in South Sudan ................................................................................. 62

5.2 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 62

5.3 Recommendations ................................................................................................................... 64

5.4 Suggested Areas of further research ........................................................................................ 65

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 66

APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................. 66

APPENDIX I ................................................................................................................................. 71

TRANSMITTAL LETTER FOR THE RESPONDENTS ............................................................ 71

APPENDIX I: ................................................................................................................................ 72

QUESTIONNAIRE ....................................................................................................................... 72