A Critique Of The Zimbabwe Internet Governance Legal Framework In Light Of The 2019 Internet Shutdowns

TABLE OF CONTENTS

APPROVAL FORM .......................................................................................................... i

DECLARATION ................................................................................................................ii

DEDICATION .................................................................................................................. iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...............................................................................................iv

ACRONYMS ................................................................................................................... v

CHAPTER ONE .............................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1

1.2. Background of Study ............................................................................................. 1

1.3. Problem Statement ............................................................................................... 2

1.4. Research Objective ............................................................................................... 2

1.5. Research Methods ................................................................................................ 3

1.6. Delimitations ......................................................................................................... 3

1.7. Significance of Study ............................................................................................ 3

1.8. Chapter Synopsis .................................................................................................. 4

CHAPTER TWO .............................................................................................................. 5

2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 5

2.2 Relevance of Internet Governance Laws ............................................................... 5

2.3 International Internet Governance Laws ................................................................ 6

2.3.1. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) ......................... 6

2.3.2. Constitution of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU Constitution)6

2.3.3. General Agreement on Trade in Services Annex on Telecommunications (GATS Annex on Telecommunications) .................................................................... 7

2.3.4. OECD Principles for Internet Policy Making (OECD Principles for Internet) ... 8

2.4 Regional Internet Governance Laws ...................................................................... 9

2.4.1Declaration on Internet Governance and Development of Africa’s Digital Economy (Declaration on Internet Governance) ....................................................... 9

2.4.3. Joint Declaration on Freedom of Expression and the Internet. ..................... 10 2.5 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 10

CHAPTER THREE ........................................................................................................ 11

3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 11

3.2 Historical Overview of Internet Governance and Freedom of Expression in Zimbabwe .................................................................................................................. 11

3.3 Constitutional Scope of Internet Governance and Freedom of Expression .......... 11

3.4 Legislation ............................................................................................................ 13

3.4.1. Interception of Communications Act (ICA) .................................................... 13

3.4.2 Postal and Telecommunications Act (PTA) ................................................... 14

3.4.3 Cybercrime and Cyber Security Bill ............................................................... 15

3.5 Implications of Inadequate Internet Governance Laws ........................................ 16

3.6 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 18

CHAPTER FOUR .......................................................................................................... 20

4.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 20

4.2. Overview of Freedom of Expression and Internet Governance in Kenya ............ 20

4.3 Constitutional Freedom of Expression and Internet Governance in Kenya .......... 21

4.4. Legislation ........................................................................................................... 22

4.4.1. Kenya Information and Communications Act (KICA) .................................... 22

4.4.2. Kenya Computer Misuse and Cybercrimes Act ............................................ 23

4.5 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 24

CHAPTER FIVE ............................................................................................................ 25

5.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 25

5.2. Chapter Overview ............................................................................................... 25

5.3 Findings ............................................................................................................... 25

5.4 Recommendations ............................................................................................... 26

5.4.1 Specific Legislation ........................................................................................ 26

5.4.2 Internet Governance Policy............................................................................ 26

5.4.3 Internet Governance Authority ....................................................................... 26

5.4.4. Relevant internet governance stakeholders .................................................. 26

5.4.5. Internet shutdowns ....................................................................................... 27

5.4.6. ISPs .............................................................................................................. 27

5.4.7. Internet orders ............................................................................................ 27

5.4.8. Judiciary internet governance familiarisation ................................................ 28

5.5 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 28