CONTENTS
Page
Title page ... . . . .-. I.
Certification ..- ... . . . ... Dedication ... ... ..I ... Ack nowledgemen t ... -.. . . Abstract ... . ... I..
Contents ... -.. ... ..*
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION . . . . 0 0
1.1 Plant Gums -.. .-. ... 1.2 Sources of Plant Gums . . . ... 1- 3 Classification of Plant Gums *.-
1.4 Extraction and purification of Plant Gums
1.5 Cmposition and Structure of Plant Gums
1.6 Analysis of Plant ems .. . ..-
1.6.1 Qualitative Analysis ... .-.
1.7 Physic-chemical Properties of Plant Gums
1.7.1 Molecular weight . . . m.m
1.7.2 Dilute solution Viscometry .em
1.7.3 Gel Permeation Chromatography ..-
1.7.4 Solubility Characteristics a=m
1.8 Pharmaceutical Applications of Plant Gums
1.9 Sustained Release Dosage Forms ... 1.9.1 Formulation Methods ... ... 1.9.. Matrix Tablets ... . . . *a.
1.9.1.2 Encapsulated Sfow Release Granules . , . I. 9. I. 3 Tabletted Slow Release Granulations
1.9-1.4 Drug Complexes . . . ... .em
1.9.2 Progress In Sustained Release Technology
1.9.2.1 Mucoadhesive Delivery Systems ... 1.20 Pharmaceutical Polymer Films .*.
1.10.1 Physical Properties of Polymer Films
1.10.2 Mechanical Properties of Films ...
i
ii
iii
iv
vi
viii
CHAPTER 2
Page
Water Vapour Permeability of Films 56
~lasticisers Used in Pharmaceutical Films 59
Glass Transitf on Temperature ,of Films 60
Thermal Analysis of Films ... 61
Dissolution and Drug Release From Solid
Dosage Forms . .. ... ... 62
Purpose of Study .., *.. 67
EXPERIMENTAL . . . . . . ... 70
Extraction and Purification of DGz Gum 70
Analysis of DGZ Gum .=- ... 71
Phytochemical tests . . . ... 71
Determination of Monosaccharide Content of
Purified DGZ ... ..* ... 72
Molecular weight Determination of DGZ 73
Elemental Analysis ... ... 75
Quantitative Determination of Lipid Content
Of DGZ 0.. -*- 76
Determination of Protein Content . . . 77
Preparation of boric acid mixed indicator 78
Determination of Nitrogen Content 78
Solubility of DGZ Gum in Water 79
Determi nation of Moisture Content of
Powdered DGZ Gum ... ... 79
Determination of Moisture Sorption 80
Ash Value Determination , . . ... 81
Determination of Bulk and Tapped Densities 81
Determination of Particle Density ... 82
Determination of Browning and Charring
Temperatures . . . ... ... 83
Determination of pH of DGZ Dispersions 83
Investigation of Film Properties . . . 83
Preparation of Films .a- a=. 83
Film Evaluation Tests ... ... 86
Macroscopic and Microscopic Examination of
Films 0. - 0 86
Determination of Film Density ... 86
Determination of Mechanical Properties of
Plasticised and Unplasticised Films 86
Determination of Moisture Sorption of Films 88
Determination of Water Vapour Transmission
of ~lasticised and Unplasticised Films 89
Determination of Solubility of DGZ Films in
Phosphate Buffer pH 7.4 .., ... 90
Acute Toxicity Test of DGZ Gum .. 92
Compatibility Studies of DGz with some Drugs 92
Applications of DGZ in Tablet Technology 93
Evaluation of DGZ Gum as Binder in Sodium
Salicylate Tablets ... ... 93
Preparation of Sodium Salicylate Granules 94
Evaluation of DGZ as Disintegrant ... 96
Preparation of Riboflavin Granules 96
Evaluation of DGZ Gum as Sustained Release
Matrix ... ... ... 98
Preparation of Theophylline Hydrate Granules 98
Preparation of Ch lorphenirarnine Maleate
Granules ... . . . . . 100
Evaluation of Granule Properties . . . 10 2
Size Analysis . . . ... . . 10 2
Granule Friability ... . . . 10 2
Bulk and Tapped Densities . . . 10 3
Flow Rate and A,,gle of Repose ... 103
Moisture Content and Equilibrium Moisture
Content of Granules ..- ... 10 4
Moisture Sorption Characteristics of
Granules ... . .. . . . 104
Preparation of Tablets .. . ... 10 5
Page
CHAPTER 3
Evaluation of Tablet Properties . . . 106
Moisture Uptake by Tablets .*. 107
Weight Uniformity of Tablets .. . 10 7
Tablet Hardness ... ... 108
Tablet Diameter and Thickness ... 108
Tablet Friability . . a,. 108
Disintegration Time of Tablets ... 10 9
Determination of Swelling Characteristics of
DGZ Compacts . . . ... ... 10 9
Preparation of Gum Compacts . . . 109
Dissolution Rate Studies on the Tablets 110
Absolute Drug Content of Tablets . . . 112
Stability Tests on the Tablet Formulations 113
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS e.0 om.
Grewia (DGZ) Gum ... ... Physicochemical properties .-.
Phytochemical Analysis ... . . . Monosaccharide Content of DGZ . . Molecular Weight of DGZ . . . ... Moisture Content and Moisture Sorption
Characteristics .. . ... Total Ash Content of DGZ . . . The True, Bulk and Tapped Densities of
DGZ Powder ... ... . . . Hausner' s ~uotient and Carr' s
Compressibility . . . ... Solubility of DGZ ... ... pH of DGZ Aqueous ~ispersions ... Properties of BGZ Films ... ..-
Mechanical Properties of Films ...
xii
Page
The Effect of Plasticisers ... Water Vapour Permeability of DGZ Films
Effect of Plasticisers on Water Vapour
Permeability . . . .om ... Moisture Sorption of DGz Films ... Solubility of DGZ Film in Phosphate Buffer
pH 7.4 m. .*. ... Acu te Tox ici ty - .. . . . Thermal Behaviour of DGZ . a
Compatibility of DGZ with Some Drugs and
Excipients ... a** ... Applications of DGZ in Tablet Technology
The Binding Properties of DGZ ... Densities of Granules . . a me.
Flow Properties -.. ... Granule Friability ... ... Moisture Content of Granules -..
Uniformity of Weight and Drug Contents of
Sodium Salicylate Tablets *..
Tablet Crushing Strength and Binder
Concentration . . . ... . Tablet Tensile Strength and Binding
Concentration . . . ... moo
Tablet Binding Capacity and Binder
Concentration . . . ... ... Tablet Friability and Binder Concentration
Disintegration Time and Binder Concentratio
Dissolution Profile a
physical Properties of RJ 3
Weight and Content Unifor
Hardness and Friability of .Lablets
Disintegration Time of Tablets ... Dissolution Profile ... ...
xiii
3.7.3 Application of DGZ in Sustained Release Page
Formulation . . . ... . I . 216
3.7.3.1 Theophylline Hydrate Tablet Formulations 217
3.7.3.1.1 Densities per cent Compressibility and
Hausner ' s Quotient .. . . . . 217
3.7.3.1.2 Flow Rate and Angle of Repose . . 219
3.7.3.1.3 Granule Friability ... ..- 222
3.7.3.1.4 Moisture Content of Granules . . 224
3.7.3.1.5 - In vitro Properties of Sustained Release
Theophylline Hydrate Tablets . . . 2 26
3.7.3.1.6 Uniformity of Neight and Drug Content 226
3.7.3.1.7 Tablet Crushing Strength and Friability 2 28
3.7.3.1.8 Swelling Behaviour of DGz Matrix ... 228
3.7.3.1.9 Effect of Gum Type and Concentration on the
Release of Theophylline Flydrake . . 232
3.7.3.1.10 Effect of pH of Dissolution Medium on Drug
Re1 ease -.. ..- . 4 . 241
3.7.3.1.11 Release Mechanism of DGZ -.. 242
3.7.3- 2 Chlorpheniramine Maleate Tablet Formulations 243
3.7-3.2.1 Densities and per cent Compressibility 245
3.7.3.2.2 Flow Rate and Angle of Repose . . 248
3.7.3.2.3 Granule Friability .*. ... 250
3.7.3.2.4 In vitro Properties of Sustained Release
Chlorphenirarnine Maleate Tablets . . . 2 50
3.7.3.2.5 Uniformity of Weight and Drug Content 252
3.7.3,2.6 Tablet Crushing Strength and Friability 252
3.7.3.2.7 Effect of Gum Type and Concentration on the
Release of Chlorpheniramine Maleate 25 5
3.7.3.2.8 Effect of pH of Dissolution Medium on Drug
Release ..- ... . . 26 2
3.8 stability Studies ... . . 26 3
CHAPTER * SUHMARY AND CONCLUSION . .. s-0 26 6
REFERENCES I.. 0.- a*. 268
APPENDIX moo -a- orno 288
Sylvester, I (2022). Characterisation and Application of Grewia Gum in Tabletting. Afribary. Retrieved from https://track.afribary.com/works/characterisation-and-application-of-grewia-gum-in-tabletting
Sylvester, Ignatius "Characterisation and Application of Grewia Gum in Tabletting" Afribary. Afribary, 23 Oct. 2022, https://track.afribary.com/works/characterisation-and-application-of-grewia-gum-in-tabletting. Accessed 24 Dec. 2024.
Sylvester, Ignatius . "Characterisation and Application of Grewia Gum in Tabletting". Afribary, Afribary, 23 Oct. 2022. Web. 24 Dec. 2024. < https://track.afribary.com/works/characterisation-and-application-of-grewia-gum-in-tabletting >.
Sylvester, Ignatius . "Characterisation and Application of Grewia Gum in Tabletting" Afribary (2022). Accessed December 24, 2024. https://track.afribary.com/works/characterisation-and-application-of-grewia-gum-in-tabletting