Effect of Doping Zinc Oxide and Titanium Oxide Cells with (Al, Cd, Co,Li and Mg) on Optical Properties and Efficiency

Abstract

In this work the optical properties of two group of samples were studied. In the first group Zinc Oxide was doped by ( Al ,Cd, Co, Li and Mg ). In the second group Titanium Oxide was doped by ( Al ,Cd, Co, Li and Mg ) also . The optical characteristics where investigated by using UV spectrophotometer and some computer programmers . The efficiency of the solar formed from this samples using ITO were found using light current and voltage .The study shows that the absorption peaks of the samples corresponds to the energy gaps . The solar cells efficiency increases as the energy gap decreases . For TiO2 doped with CdO4 ,CoO2 ,LiO2 , MgO2 and Al2O3 the beak absorptions are( 308 , 308,310, 300 and 510) nm respectively the corresponding energy gaps are ( 3.688 ,3.42 ,3.482,3.364 and 2.155) eV respectively which shows inverse relation with energy peaks .This agrees with theoretical relations . The Mefficiencies are (0.188, 0.247 ,0.452 ,0.478 and 0.569 ) % which are inversely related to the energy gap expect for Lithium due to the existence of other factors affecting the efficiency . For Zn O doped with CdO4 ,CoO2 ,LiO2 , MgO2 and Al2O3 the beak absorptions are( 290 , 300,302, 305 and 504) nm respectively and the corresponding energy gaps are ( 3.644 ,3.685 ,3.505,3.687 and 3.699) eV while the corresponding efficiencies are (0.205, 0.204 ,0.297 ,0.191 and 0.168 ) % . The same comments and relations holds for Titanium holds also for zinc oxide group including Lithium again. It is clear that the efficiencies of TiO2 samples are higher than that of ZnO . It was also found that the absorption coefficient and theeffeciency increases as the energy gap decreases . These results agrees with many previous studies and theoretical relations. 

Table of Contents

NO Subject Page No

 1 الآیــة I

2 Dedication II

3 Acknowledgements III

4 Abstract IV

5 Abstract (Arabic) V

6 Table of Contents VII

7 List of Tables X

8 List of Figures XI

Chapter one

Introduction

10 1.1 Introduction 1

12 1.3The Research Problem 3

14 1.5The Aim of the work 4

15 1.6 Thesis Layout 4

Chapter Two

Theoretical Background

17 2.1 Introduction 5

18 2.2. Structure of Dye sensitized solar cell 5

19 2.3. Dye–sensitized Solar cell parameters 8

20 2.4 Comparison of Common Types of PV modules 9

21 2.5 Dyes solar cell 12

22 2.6 Geometries: 18

23 2.7 Active layer: 19

24 2.8 Photovoltaic Terminology 20

25 2.9 PV System Components 20

26 2.10 Power Ratings of PV Modules 21

Chapter Three

Literature Review

52 3.1 Introduction 22

53 3.2 Molecular doping of low –band gap - polymer: fullerene solar cells: Effects on transport and solar cells 22

54 3.3 Electrochemically synthesized conducting polymeric materials for applications towards technology in electronics, optoelectronics and energy storage devices 24

55 3.4 Enhanced electron injection in polymer lightemitting diodes: polyhedral oligomericsilsesquioxanes as dilute additives 25

56 3.5 Creation of a gradient polymer-fullerene interface in photovoltaic devices by thermally controlled inter diffusion 26

57 3.6 Using Gum Arabic in Making Solar Cells by Thin Films Instead Of Polymers 27

58 3.7 Comparison of transparent conductive indium tin oxide, titanium-doped indium oxide, and fluorine-doped tin oxide films for dye-sensitized solar cell application 28

59 3.8The Relationship between Energy Gab & Efficiency in Dye Solar Cells 29

60 3.9 Solar Storm Threat Analysis 30

61 3.10 Structure, properties and applications of fullerenes 31

62 3.11 Organic Semiconductor/Insulator Polymer Blends for High-Performance Organic Transistors 33

63 3.12 Role of TiO2 Nanotube on Improvement of Performance of Hybrid Photovoltaic Devices 34

64 3.13 Non-linear I_V characteristics of MEH-PPV patterned on sub-micrometer electrodes 34

65 3.14 Charge Transport in Carbon Nanotubes-Polymer Composite Photovoltaic Cells 36

66 3.15Utilizing Carbon Nanotubes to Improve Efficiency of Organic Solar Cells 38

67 3.16The Change of Energy Gap and Efficiency of Carbon Solar Cell When Doped by Some Elements 39

68 3.17 Determination of Energy Gaps and Effect of Temperature on the Absorption and Transmittance Spectrum on Photoelectrodye 40

69 3.18 Optical Properties of Glass and Plastic Doped by CU 41

70 3.19 Optical and Electrical Characteristics of TIO2 – MEH Multilayers Thin Film 42

71 3.20Energy Gaps, Donor and Accepter Levels for Polymer Solar Cells Doped with Different Dyes 42

72 3.21 Performance improvement of MEH-PPV: PCBM Solar Cells Using Bathocuproine and Bathophenanthroline as the Buffer Layers∗ 43

73 3.22 Non-linear I–V Characteristics of MEH-PPV Patterned on Sub-micrometer Electrodes 44

74 3.23 Comparison of Transparent Conductive Indium Tin oxide, Titanium-doped Indium oxide, and Fluorinedoped Tin oxide Films for Dye-sensitized Solar Cell Application 45

75 3.24The Relationship between Energy Gab & Efficiency in Dye Solar Cells

3.25 International Journal OF Engineering Science & Research Technology 46

76 3.26 First-principles investigation of the optical properties of crystalline poly(di-n-hexylsilane) 47

77 3.27 Electrical and Optical Properties of Fluorine Doped Tin Oxide Thin Films Prepared by Magnetron Sputtering 48

78 3.28 Applications of Oxide Coatings in Photovoltaic Devices 49

79 3.29 The Effect of Different Dyes on the Efficiency of Polymer Solar Cell 51

80 3.30 The Effect of Exchanging the ZnO and CnO Layers on Their Performance 52

81 3.31 Optical Properties of Glass and Plastic Doped by CU 53

82 3.32 Optical and Electrical Characteristics of TIO2 –MEH Multilayers Thin Film 54

Chapter Four

Experimental, Results and Discussion

83 4.1 Experimental 56

84 4.2Results 59

85 4.3 Apparatus: 60

86 4.4 Experimental Setup: 61

87 4.5 Carrying out of the experiment: 61

88 4.6Results 62

Chapter Five

Conclusion and Suggested Future Work

89 5.1 Conclusion 101

90 5.2 Suggested Future Work 101

91 Reference 102