Sexual Exploitation and Abuse in United Nations Peace Keeping Operations in Africa and Accountability of the United Nation

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION............................................................................................................................... ii

APPROVAL.................................................................................................................................... iii

DEDICATION..................................................................................................................................iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...................................................................................................................v

LEGAL INSTRUMENTS..................................................................................................................vi

LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS..........................................................................................................vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS...................................................................................................................ix

ABSTRAT.......................................................................................................................................xii

CHAPTER ONE................................................................................................................................1

GENERAL INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................1

1.0 Introduction..................................................................................................................................1

1.1 Background of the Study ...............................................................................................................2

1.2 Problem Statement........................................................................................................................4

1.3 Main Objective of the Study ..........................................................................................................5

1.4 Specific Objectives of the Study.....................................................................................................5

1.5 Research Question.........................................................................................................................6

1.6 Scope of the Study ........................................................................................................................6

1.6.1 Geographical Scope....................................................................................................................6

1.6.2 Time Scope................................................................................................................................6

1.6.3 Subject Scope ............................................................................................................................6

1.7 Significance of the Study...............................................................................................................6

1.8 Chapterisation...............................................................................................................................7

1.9 Literature Review..........................................................................................................................7

1.9.1 Human Rights ................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.9.2 Human Rights Perception in Africa .................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.9.3 The African Charter........................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.9.5 Human Rights Violations in Africa ..................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.9.6 UN Peacekeeping Operations..........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

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1.10 Methodology.............................................................................................................................35

1.10.1 Research Design.....................................................................................................................35

1.10.2 Data Sources..........................................................................................................................36

1.10.3 Data Collection Method ..........................................................................................................36

1.10.4 Data Analysis.........................................................................................................................36

1.10.5 Ethical Considerations ..................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

CHAPTER TWO..............................................................................................................................37

IDENTIFY AND CRITIQUE THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK GOVERNING UN PKOS.......................37

2.0 Introduction................................................................................................................................37

2.1 Legal Framework of the United Nations Peacekeeping Operations .................................................37

2.1.1 The UN Charter........................................................................................................................37

2.1.2 International Human Rights Law...............................................................................................42

2.1.3 International Humanitarian Law ................................................................................................48

2.1.4 International Criminal Law .......................................................................................................56

CHAPTER THREE..........................................................................................................................69

HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS COMMITTED DURING UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS....69

3.0 Introduction................................................................................................................................69

3.1 The Different Human Rights Abuses by UN Peacekeepers.............................................................69

3.1.1 Policies Applicable to Sexual Exploitation and Abuse.................................................................84

CHAPTER FOUR............................................................................................................................94

DISCUSSION OF ACCOUNTABILITY OF THE UN TO HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATION DURING

PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS.....................................................................................................94

4.0 Introduction................................................................................................................................94

4.1 The Legal Status and Functioning of the UN.................................................................................94

4.2 Immunity of the UN....................................................................................................................98

4.3 Accountability for Wrongful Acts.............................................................................................. 103

4.3.1 UN Accountability for Conflict Related Sexual Violence .......................................................... 108

4.3.2 Mechanisms which the UN uses to addresses Human Rights Violence ....................................... 110

CHAPTER FIVE............................................................................................................................ 114

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS........................................................ 114

5.0 Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 114

5.1 Summary of the Findings........................................................................................................... 114

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5.2 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 115

5.3 Recommendations..................................................................................................................... 116

References..................................................................................................................................... 119