THE IMPORTANCE OF USING RADIOTRACER IN DIAGNOSING CANCER

 ABSTRACT

Nuclear Medicine is a medical specialty that allows modern diagnostics and treatments cancer using radio pharmaceuticals original radio-tracers (drugs linked to a radioactive isotope).  Radio-pharmaceuticals are considered a special group of drugs and thus their preparation and use are regulated by a set of policies that have been adopted by individual member of countries. The radio-pharmaceuticals used in diagnostic examinations are administered in very small doses. So, in general, they have no pharmacological action, side effects or serious adverse reactions. In contrast, nuclear medicine procedures use a radioactive material, called a radio-pharmaceutical or radio-tracer, which is injected into the bloodstream, swallowed or inhaled as a gas. This radioactive material accumulates in the organ or area of your body being examined, where it gives off a small amount of energy in the form of gamma rays. Special cameras detect this energy, and with the help of a computer, create pictures offering details on both the structure and function of organs and tissues in your body. The biggest problem associated with their use are the alterations in their bio-distribution that may cause diagnostic errors. Nuclear Medicine is growing considerably influenced by the appearance and development of new radio-pharmaceuticals in both the diagnostic and therapeutic fields and primarily to the impact of new multimodality imaging techniques (SPECT-CT, PET-CT, PET-MRI, etc.). It's mandatory to know the limitations of these techniques, distribution and eventual physiological alterations of radio-pharmaceuticals, contraindications and adverse reactions of radio-logical contrasts, and the possible interference of both.

 

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Table of Content

Title page………………………………………………………..…… 1

Table of Content……………………………………………………..3

 Abstract……………………………………………………………..2

CHAPTER ONE……………………………………………………..5.

1.1  Introduction……………………………………………………..7

 1.2 Diagnosis………………………………………………………..7

1.3 Therapy…………………………………………………………..9
1.4 Objectives of the research……………………………………..9

1.5 Scope and limitation…………………………………………….9

 1.6 Statement of the Problem…………………………………….10

1.7 Significant of the Study ………………………………………..11

 CHAPTER TWO……………………………………………………12

2.1 Literature review…………………………………………….…12

2.2 Hybrid scanning techn…………………………………………18

CHAPTER  THREE………………………………………………..20

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3.1 Methodology…………………………………………………...20

3.2 some common procedure……………………………………..20

3.2.1 Heart………………………………………………………….19

3.2.2 Lungs………………………………………………………....19

3.2.3 Bones…………………………………………………………19

3.2.4 Brain…………………………………………………………..19

3.3 Other Systems………………………………………………….20

3.3.1 Cancer…………………………………………………………20

3.3.2 Renal……………………………………………………….…20

3.3.3 In children, nuclear medicine is also used to:…………….20

3.3.4 Nuclear medicine therapies include:……………………….20

3.4 Preparations……………………………………………...........24

3.5 Types of  Equipment …………………………………………26

3.6 How does the procedure work……………………….………27

3.7 How is the procedure performed…………………………….29

3.8 What will I experience during and after the procedure……..29

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 CHAPTER  FOUR………………………………………………….43

4.1 Result and Discussion…………………………………………43

4.1.1Practical concerns in nuclear imaging……….………,…….41

4.2 Common Clinical Applications…………………………………41

4.3 What are the benefits vs. risks…………………………….….41

CHAPTER   FIVE…………………………………………………...48

5.1 Conclusion and Recommadation……………………………..48

5.2 References…………………………………………………50

5.3 Recommendation……………………………………………….50