Ferrofluid / Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Mediated from Plant Materials as a Probable Raw material for Sustainable Aviation Fuel: Pragmatic Based Review, Research Study Evaluation and Prospective

[1] UN –   United Nations (A well-defined diplomatic and political international organization, with the long-term initiative to maintain / Uphold international peace and security, strategize amiable relations among nations, foster international collaboration and serve as a center or platform for the unification of national objective. (United Nations, 2024)

[2] SDG – Sustainable Developmental Goal is an established initiative of the United Nations under the year 2030 agenda for sustainable development. The 2030 agenda was developed and curated in 2015, the 2030 agenda of the United Nations has 17 Sustainable Development Goals, with over 169 linked targets which are all aimed at stimulating action over the next 15 years in socio-economic areas of critical importance for the peaceful co-existence of the planet and humanity. The Sustainable Development Goals are integrated and indivisible such that they balance the three dimensions of Sustainable Development which are the Economic, social and environmental cause. ((IAEA), 2023)

[3] IEA –   The IEA is explained as the International Energy Agency which is an intergovernmental organization which is committed to advancing the security of energy supply, environmental sustainability and economic growth. (IEA, 2021)

[4] Ozone Layer – A designated region of the earth stratosphere which absorbs an appreciable quota of the sun’s ultraviolet radiation. an abundant concentration of ozone () is present in the ozone layer when compared to other parts of the atmosphere and meagre when compared to other gases present in the stratosphere. (Wikipedia & Nsae, 2024)

[6] The Paris Agreement - The Paris club Agreement unifies different nations of the world to support a global cause to implement constructive strides to mitigate climate related issues and adjust to its feedbacks with fortified support to help under developed and developing countries, in a bid to strategize new course in the global climate effort. (UNFCCC, 2024)

[7] Ferrofluid -   The term “Ferrofluid” is utilized to explain a special class of magnetic fluids. The ferrofluid is a produced or manufactured fluids consisting of dispersion or suspension of magnetized nanoparticles in a variety or diverse of non-magnetic fluid or liquid carriers. The ferrofluids are stabilized against any form, of agglomeration or coagulation by the inculcation or introduction of a surfactant monolayer onto the particle. (Sebastian, 2020)

[8] SAF – The Sustainable Aviation Fuel is prominently known for its contribution to the reduction of greenhouse gas and carbon pollutant emission. Furthermore, the Sustainable Aviation Fuel commonly known as “SAF” is defined as a biojet fuel which utilizes a proportion of sustainable feedstock, green material or biomass in place or substitute of conventional crude oil (fossil fuel) feedstocks for manufacture. (Air Bp, 2024)

[9] Bio-jet Fuel - This is defined as a fluidic substance which undergoes a combustion process to produce heat energy when burnt in oxygen.  (byjus, 2024)

[10] Biomass - This is defined as a biological, plant or feedstock material which serves as a raw material for the synthesis or production of SAF. From an Energy production perspective, materials or matter obtained from recently existing (but now obsolete) organisms which serves as raw materials for bioenergy production. (United States Energy Information Administration, 2024)

[11] WK – Wonderful kola seed is a fruit from the wonderful kola plant. The wonderful kola plant is a perennial plant which is a member of the Capparaceae family.  The wonderful kola plant has a small to medium size with an average height of >20m, they are commonly physical cultivated in African countries such as Gabon, Cameroun, Nigeria, Central Africa, Ghana and other African regions. Their leaves are large and glassy between 15- 25 cm long, and 5 – 7.5 cm wide. The plants have conspicuous creamy flowers which are white in colour such that their seeds are edible with high medicinal value. (Ezeigbo, 2011)

[12] LGNPs – Lemon Grass Iron oxide nanoparticle is a plant mediated aqueous composition which is synthesized by co-precipitation method where the lemon grass extract was interacted with the reagent of diluted iron oxide, after which a chemical interaction occurred which led to the formation of lemon grass mediated nanoparticles.   (Deborah, 2022)