Challenges Facing Community Secondary Schools And Their Influence On Girls’access To Secondary Education In Tanzania: A Case Of Dodoma Municipality

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CERTIFICATE .......................................................................................................... i

DECRALATION AND COPYRIGHT ................................................................... ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ....................................................................................... iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................... iv

LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................. viii

LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................. ix

LIST OF APPENDICES .......................................................................................... x

LIST OF ACRONYMS ........................................................................................... xi

CHAPTER ONE ....................................................................................................... 1

INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background to the Study .................................................................................... 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem ................................................................................... 6

1.3 Objective of the Study ......................................................................................... 9

1.3.1 General Objective of the Study ....................................................................... 9

1.3.2 Specific Objective of the study ........................................................................ 9

14 Research Questions ............................................................................................ 10

1.5 Delimitation of the Study .................................................................................. 10

1.6 Limitation of the study...................................................................................... 11

1.7 Significance of the Study .................................................................................. 11

1.8 Definitions of Key Terms and Concept ........................................................... 12

1.8.1 Community ..................................................................................................... 12

1.8.2 Community Secondary Schools .................................................................... 12

CHAPTER TWO .................................................................................................... 14

LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................... 14

2.0 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 14

2.1 Structure of Tanzania Education .................................................................... 14

2.1.1 History of Girls’ Education in Tanzania ...................................................... 16

2.1.2 Girls’ Access to Education in Tanzania ....................................................... 17

2.2 Theoretical Literature Review ......................................................................... 19

2.2.1 Governance Theory ........................................................................................ 19

2.2.2 Gender Theory on Education ........................................................................ 21

2.2.3 Human Capital Theory .................................................................................. 22

2.4 Empirical Literature Review ........................................................................... 24

2.4.1 An Overview of Community Secondary School in Tanzania ..................... 24

2.5 Policy Paper on Decentralization 1998 ............................................................ 28

2.6 Education and Training Policy of 2014 ........................................................... 29

2.7 Matron and Female Teachers as Role Models ............................................... 30

2.8 Physical Facilities .............................................................................................. 32

2.8.1 Sanitary Facilities ........................................................................................... 32

2.8.2 Hostel ............................................................................................................... 34

2.9 School Timetable ............................................................................................... 36

2.10 Social Practices ................................................................................................ 37

2.10.1 Proximity to School (Distance to Schools) ................................................. 37

2.10.2 Teenage Pregnancy ...................................................................................... 38

2.10.3 Domestic Roles .............................................................................................. 39

2.10.4 Initiation Rituals .......................................................................................... 40

2.11 Research Gap ................................................................................................... 41

2.12 Conceptual Framework .................................................................................. 42

2.12.1 Independent Variables ................................................................................. 42

2.12.2 Dependent Variables .................................................................................... 42

2.12.3 Intervening Variables .................................................................................. 43

CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................ 45

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .......................................................................... 45

3.0 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 45

3.1 Study Area ......................................................................................................... 45

3.2 Research Approach ........................................................................................... 45

3.3 Research Design ................................................................................................ 46

3.4 Study Population ............................................................................................... 47

3.5 Sampling Techniques ........................................................................................ 47

3.6 Sample Size ........................................................................................................ 48

3.7 Sources of Data .................................................................................................. 50

3.8 Method of Data Collection................................................................................ 50

3.8.1 Tool for Data Collection ................................................................................ 51

3.8.2 Questionnaire ................................................................................................. 51

3.8.3 Interview Guide .............................................................................................. 51

3.8.4 Documentary Reviews ................................................................................... 51

3.9 Validity and Reliability ..................................................................................... 52

3.9.1 Validity ............................................................................................................ 52

3.9.2 Reliability ........................................................................................................ 52

3.10 Data Analysis Plan .......................................................................................... 53

3.11 Ethical Issues ................................................................................................... 53

CHAPTER FOUR ................................................................................................... 55

RESEULTS AND DISCUSSION OF RESEARCH FINDINGS ........................ 55

4.0 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 55

4.1 Description of Respondents .............................................................................. 55

4.2 State of Domestic Side of School Life in Community Secondary School ..... 56

4.2.1 Number of Students per Class Stream ......................................................... 56

4.2.2 Institution Arrangement ................................................................................ 57

4.3 The effect of physical Facilities on Girls’ Access to Education ..................... 58

4.3.1 Sanitary Facilities ........................................................................................... 58

4.3.2 The Presence of Hostel ................................................................................... 66

4.4 The influence of Matron and Female Teachers on girls’ Access to

Secondary Education .............................................................................................. 69

4.4.1 The Role of Matrons ...................................................................................... 70

4.4.3 The Roles of Female Teachers ...................................................................... 72

4.5 The Social Practices Affecting Girls’ Access to Secondary Education ........ 74

4.5.1 Social Perception and Practices .................................................................... 75

4.5.2 Domestic Activities ......................................................................................... 77

4.6 Academic Timetabling and Girls’ Access to Secondary Education ............. 80

4.6.1 Accommodating Girls’ in Academic Timetable .......................................... 80

4.6.2 Scheduling of Timetabling ............................................................................. 80

CHAPTER FIVE ..................................................................................................... 82

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ............................. 82

5.0 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 82

5.1 Summary of the Study ...................................................................................... 82

5.2 Summary of the Key Findings ......................................................................... 83

5.3 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 84

5.4 Recommendations ............................................................................................. 85

5.5 Recommendation for Further Studies ............................................................. 87

5.6 Recommendation for Action ............................................................................ 87

REFFERENCES ..................................................................................................... 89

APPENDECES ........................................................................................................ 94