Protozoology is the study of Protozoans and Protozoans are the simplest microscopic organisms. They could be unicellular or have two nuclei. They are animal like organism but belong to kingdom Protista and are different from algae which also belong to the Kingdom Protista. The protozoan is miscorgainsm which only occur in water and moist places. The Protozoans are the most primitive and simplest of animals. Protozoans means first animals.
All insects have segmented abdomen and the upper and lower plates are joined by a tough but flexible membrane that allows a segment to expand and contract in the process of respiration. The abdomen consists of pair of spiracles and opening through which air passes through and it is also found at the second and thoracic segments. The spiracles are connected to tubes known as trachea, The air is pumped in and out by trachea by action of the wings and movement of abdomen. Then followed by diffus...
Osmo regulation is the regulation of water and ion concentration in the body. Keeping this regulation is critical in maintaining life in a cell. Organisms in aquatic and terrestrial environment must maintain the right concentration of solutes and amount of water in their body fluids. There is continuous exchange of materials such as water, ions, colloids, food substances and heat between the cells and the internal medium the fluids depends on the gradients of concentrations and the permeabili...
The human respiratory system is a series of organs that takes in oxygen and expel carbon di oxides, primary organs, lungs which carries out exchange of gases as we breathe. Red blood cells collects the oxygen from this lungs carry it to the other part of the body, collects carbon di oxide and transport it back to the lungs. Carbon di oxide is what we exhale. Human body needs oxygen to sustain itself. Decrease in oxygen is known as hypoxia.
Problems faced during amphibian transition to land. The movement from water to land is most perhaps the most dramatic event in animal evolution. Although invasion of land requires modification, of almost every system in the vertebrate body, aquatic vertebrates retain many basic structural and functional similarities. There are several important differences that animals must accommodate when moving fom water to land. The differences includes: Oxygen content, density, temperature regulation and...
Adaptation for Terrestrial Existence. Some of the reptilian characteristics that make the reptile better adapters are:Tough dry scaly skin which provides better on landShelled amniotic eggs which support embryonic developments on land.Jaws which are effectively designed for carnivorous lifeCopularoy organs which permits internal fertilizationMore effective circulatory and nervous organs than amphibians Lungs which are better developed than that of amphibiansStronger limbs for movement and Pre...
The computer can be defined as a powerful electronic device which has the capability of accepting data as an input, processing the data and applying some arithmetic and logical operation to it, store the result of the data if the need be and finally display the result or output as an information at a very fast speed.
Green chemistry is the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use or generation of hazardous substances. Green chemistry applies across the life cycle of a chemical product, including its design, manufacture, use, and ultimate disposal. Green chemistry is also known as sustainable chemistry. This is unlike cleaning up pollution (also called remediation), which involves treating waste streams (end-of-the-pipe treatment) or cleanup of environmental spills and oth...
The colloid is said to be stable when particles remain suspended in the solution without settling down i.e. the dispersed phase. Stability is hindered by aggregation and sedimentation phenomena, which are driven by the colloid’s tendency to reduce surface energy. In order to stabilize the colloidal system, we need to reduce the interfacial tension between the colloidal particles. Aggregation is due to the sum of the interaction forces between particles. If attractive forces (such as v...
In this method, small solute particles are condensed to form a dispersed phase particle.Examples include the following:1. Chemical methods: a) By oxidation:Colloidal sulphur can be obtained by passing oxygen gas through a solution of hydrogen sulphides. In this method any oxidising agent like HNO3, H3Br2 can also be used. 2H2S + O2 → 2H2O + 2S (Sulphur sol) b) By double decomposition:A solution of arsenic sulphide is obtained in this method. In this process hydrogen sulphide i...
Environmental monitoring describes the processes and activities that need to take place to characterize and monitor the quality of the environment. Environmental monitoring is used in the preparation of environmental impact assessments, as well as in many circumstances in which human activities carry a risk of harmful effects on the natural environment. All monitoring strategies and programs have reasons and justifications which are often designed to establish the current status of an enviro...
Water analysis is a process carried out to identify and quantify the chemical components and properties of water samples. The type and sensitivity of the analysis depend on the purpose of the analysis and the anticipated use of the water. Chemical water analysis is carried out on water used in industrial processes, on waste-water stream, on rivers and stream, on rainfall and on the sea, In all cases, the results of the analysis provide information that can be used to make decisions or to pro...
Basic Concept of Immunology Principles of Immunological Responses Some Historical Landmarks The Basis of Immunology Innate Defense Mechanism Antibodies Terminologies Concept of Immunity Antibody Structure and Function Immunoglobulin Classes Immunogens and Antigens Factors Affecting Immunogenicity Antigen-Antibody Interaction Antibody Formation Auto-Immune Diseases Some Selected auto-immune diseases Hypersensitivity Reactions (Allergy) Vaccines Immunoglobulin Antigen-Antibody Reactions & Diagn...
387. Which category of hypersensitivity BEST describes hemolytic disease of the newborn caused by Rh incompatibility? A. atopic or anaphylactic B. cytotoxic C. immune complex D. delayed 388. The principal difference between cytotoxic (type II) and immune complex (type III) hypersensitivity is A. the class (isotype) of antibody. B. the site where antigen-antibody complexes are formed. C. the participation of complement. D. the participation of T cells.
Complement Deficiency & Diseases Complement Fixation Test Alloantigens/Isoantigen