In this paper, we bring together the concepts put forth in our previous papers and throw new light on how the Indo-Europeanization of the world may have happened from the conventional Central Asian homeland and explain the same using maps and diagrams. We also propose the ‘Ten modes of linguistic transformations associated with Human migrations.’ With this, the significance of the proposed term ‘Base Indo-European’ in lieu of the old term ‘Proto Indo-European’ will become abundant...
This paper brings together all available evidence for literacy in Post-Harappan India, still popularly known as Iron age Vedic India, most of which have been endorsed by mainstream researchers in some way or the other in the recent past and brings into attention the need to revise all earlier models dealing with literacy in Post-Harappan India to bring them in line with latest acculturation models and mainstream models of the development of alphabetic scripts. More importantly we refute the t...
This paper purports to be a starting point to revisit existing approaches dealing with the origin and spread of languages in the light of the changed circumstances of the Twenty-first century without in any way undermining their applicability across space and time. The origin of spoken languages is intricately and inseparably interwoven and intertwined with the origin of human species as well, and in this paper, we propose a ‘Wholly-independent Multi-Regional hypothesis of the origin of Hom...
The concluding part of this paper extends the concepts presented in Part One and provides a century by century view of how the transformation of Harappan India to PostHarappan India took place with maps so that readers can evaluate for themselves how different aspects of Indian culture got formed. Everything in this paper is presented using a figure-it-outfor-yourself approach, and naturally, anyone who refutes one part of this hypothesis, would contradict himself elsewhere. That would elimin...
ABSTRACT Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have been the leading causes of hospital admissions in Tanzania. Hypertension (HTN) and coronary artery diseases (CHD) are two most common CVDs frequently diagnosed causes of deaths in Tanzanian hospitals. This hospital basedcross-sectional study conducted to assess lifestyle risk factors and levels of biomarkers for CVDs in patients with HTN and CHD attending cardiac clinic at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre-referral hospital. Structured question...
Part One of this paper provides a case for rejecting the Autochthonous Aryan theory and proposes an alternative to the Aryan Migration Theory, i.e. it examines why the genetic input from Central Asia may have been extremely small and how the Spread of IE language and culture in India might have occurred in trickle in scenarios i.e. when movements of IE speakers were small. It suggests that the IE speakers first migrated into and settled in the northernmost tip of the subcontinent, trickled in...
This paper argues against the Dravidian, Vedic and Paramunda Indus theories, and shows why Dravidian languages, Sanskrit or Paramunda languages could not have been candidates for the Indus Valley Civilization which flourished from 2600 BC to 1900 BC in the North-West of India and Pakistan. Supporters of these three hypotheses are welcome to provide a systematic refutation of all the points raised in this paper. This paper adopts a multi-disciplinary approach, drawing conclusions from many dif...
This paper begins by tracing the history of Ethnography and Ethnographic studies over the course of the past few centuries, and reviews existing approaches and techniques used in the field of Ethnography with a view to ascertain their salient features, strengths and possible lacunae and limitations. This paper also traces the methods used in the field of Anthropology from the very early days, and reviews the most current and uptodate techniques in the field of Anthropology such as Development...
The objective of this paper is to present comprehensive principles of language spread that are applicable in post-globalized scenarios, by expanding upon and consolidating our already-published works in which had we studied different aspects of diachronic and synchronic linguistics and language dynamics including language dynamics in India. Admittedly, these principles and theories cannot be comprehensive, inclusive or wide-ranging enough to account for all dimensions of language spread in al...
The earliest known example of an Indus seal dates to 1873 in the form of a drawing published by Alexander Cunningham. Since then, thousands of examples of the Indus script have been discovered, and the Indus script has been subject to very serious analysis by many scholars from all over the world and still continues to fascinate, enchant and frustrate innumerable researchers who have made many a vain attempt to understand its true nature and meaning. The nature of the Indus script remains elu...
This paper is meant to read together with the paper ‘The reconfirmation and reinforcement of the Indus script thesis: a logical assessment and inquiry as to the elusive and enigmatic nature of this script‘, which was published in the ICFAI Journal of History and Culture in January 2011. In the aforementioned paper, we had clearly shown that the Indus script used in the Indus Valley civilization which flourished from 2600 BC to 1900 BC, was a logo-syllabic script. In this paper, we show th...
This paper proposes a generalized and a universal approach towards collective and individual identity formation, and one which is expected to work in practically every conceivable scenario across cultures. Our approach also has at its core, the concept of the ‘Psychic unity of mankind’ which implies that human thought processes, urges and impulses are essentially the same in all cultures and societies, though the nature of enculturation may vary from context to context. This approach work...
ABSTRACT Micronutrients are comprised of vitamin and mineral nutrients needed during pregnancy for fetus growth, development, maturation and reducing/preventing maternal complications. In the Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA) micronutrient rich foods (vegetables and fruits) are lacking due to restrictions on cultivation and unavailability of vegetables and fruits in the local markets. Therefore, the current study introduced a food basket intervention and assessed its effectiveness in addres...
The objective of this paper is to formalize and document observations on language spread in multilingual or polyglot societies as understood from a study of spoken and written language in various phases in Indian history starting from the Indus Valley Civilization of Ancient India, the mature phase of which began in 2600 BC, to modern Post-independent India, and formalize them into principles wherever possible,so that these can be used as a basis to make further observations and draw further ...
This paper extends the concepts delineated in our earlier paper ‘Historiography by Objectives: A new approach for the study of history within the framework of the proposed Twenty-first Century school of Historiography’ and uses them to enunciate the core principles which we believe will form a part of the proposed Twenty-first century school of Historiography. This paper therefore strives to provide the vehicular platform upon which the objectives set forth in the aforesaid paper should b...